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中国与世界,环境危机大家谈 CHINA AND THE WORLD DISCUSS THE ENVIRONMENT

“速成”食物之忧

蒋高明

2008年2月5日

食物链中化学品和激素的进入将给人的健康带来灾难性的后果 。蒋高明说,现在是该对食品污染宣战的时候了。

"而要从根本上解决食物污染问题,全社会需逐步放弃“速成”食物。政府要加强严格的食品安全监督,早日还国民一个放心健康的饮食环境。"

最近,笔者在某养鸡场观察到一个“有趣”的现象:鸡场的看门狗出奇得肥胖,早已失去了它应有的灵性,像个乖宠物,而半年前这只德国黑背还是凶猛异常。原来,鸡场老板图省事,将喂鸡的合成饲料用来喂狗,结果这只狗开始变肥,再用原来的煎饼和剩饭饲喂,它就开始“绝食”,因此只好一直喂下去,直到今天的模样。

鸡饲料是当地一家很有名的饲料公司销售的,售价140/袋。这些饲料中混入了激素、重金属、动物蛋白等成分。有了这种饲料,笼养鸡经过短短41~45天,就可以由刚出壳的幼雏长到5斤以上。而利用纯粮食喂养,需150天才能长到3斤左右。由于速成见效快,这种养殖模式很快扩大到养猪、鸭、鹅、鱼、虾、蟹、鳝、龟等等行业,甚至一些养殖户开始用鸡饲料喂牛。还是得益于饲料添加剂,农民养猪的周期由传统方式的12个月左右,缩短到4个月出栏。

上述鸡饲料既然能够改变狗的生物习性,那么进入人类食物链之后对人的身体健康肯定好不到哪里去。在城市,充斥于超市和农贸市场的到处都是“速成食物”,包括肉、蛋、水产、反季节蔬菜、大农药和大化肥种植的粮食,居民别无选择。

目前食品添加剂的种类是多种多样的。例如硼砂原来是一种化工原料,用于陶瓷、光玻璃纤维、冶金、医药、化妆品、肥料,现在却有人用作食品添加剂。广西某市针对一起食物中毒事件的调查显示,13种食品中有12种不同程度地检出硼砂,阳性率高达92%,某中学群体性食物中毒的元凶就是该化工产品添加进了食物中。

顶花带刺的西瓜、鲜艳无比的西红柿、金光灿烂的鸭梨,殊不知这些诱人的水果里也充满着对人体不利的成分。济南、西安相继报道,三四岁儿童因吃催熟的激素水果,出现男孩长胡须、女孩乳房发育的性早熟症状。从幼苗至成熟,果农们前后使用十几种激素:赤霉素促进发育;膨大剂让果实长得大;乙希利促早熟催红等等。激素可增产、座果率又提高、果实还能增大,有这么多的好处果农焉有不争先恐后使用的道理? 激素最早是在果树培育上使用的25年前,笔者上《植物生理学》的时候还为这种新技术激动不已。如今,这个发明带来的负面影响却不得不令我们反思。

其它导致“速成”食物的还有微量元素(多为重金属成分)、加工过程中的各类增白剂、防腐剂、工业颜料、转基因(潜在风险)等等,科技进步的一些成果大规模进入食物生产领域,而这个领域是身体最敏感的。人类为解决温饱而长期斗争,目前虽取得了重大进步,但这些进步的代价也是巨大的,从人类生存的角度来看甚至可能是一种倒退

虽然饲料添加剂在防治畜禽疾病、促进生长发育、引领畜禽高度集约化方面做出了突出贡献但是,饲料添加剂本身或其代谢产物对人体及生态系统健康造成的危害也日益显现出来。食用含有大量瘦肉精的动物产品,人会出现心跳过速、血压升高、肌肉震颤、头痛恶心、神经过敏等症状,严重者表现为抽搐或昏厥。2002年4月广东遂溪县发生的31人集体猪肉中毒事件,就是由瘦肉精引起的,事后化验发现瘦肉精含量高达2.8毫克/千克。

近些年,国内过热的经济增长带来了严重的环境污染问题一个不争的事实是:城市居民呼吸不到清洁的空气,农民喝不上干净的水,而今其负面作用正在蔓延到食物行业这个人类健康的最后防线。占中国人口30%以上的城市人群可能因吃不上安全食物而付出健康代价(农民给自己留的都是放心的)。因为现代农业模式几乎全部是“速成”的,大化肥、大农药、除草剂、添加剂、激素、反季节设施、转基因带来的是食物数量的快速增长,但其质量却在不断下降。由于优质无优价,无人愿意承担风险生产放心食物。

居民一年四季购买廉价食物的同时,用来买药治疗“速成”食品带来的健康问题的投入就会增加,就连最发达的美国也不能避免。虽然美国农业产量已经不是什么问题,但其质量下降却引起了美国人的强烈关注。美国超市里的鸡肉出现了污染;大量肥胖人群出现,给兜售减肥药的商家带来了赚钱机会,而今他们正积极策划打开中国市场。

造成食物安全隐患的重大原因是利益驱动。农民可从市场上轻易地买到形形色色的添加剂、激素、兽药和禽药;商家为了占领市场,甚至使用工业原粉降低成本,以更加廉价的价格出售给农民。农民生产食物图便宜,如果市民在购买食物时还图便宜,那么食物安全隐患是无法从根本上消除的。在高度集约化的食物系统面前,国家法律制度似乎显得非常脆弱。

因此,解决食物安全的出路还得回到市场本身。城市人群如果拒绝激素、添加剂、转基因、反季节生产的食物,一些产品可能就没有销路。要实行阶梯消费,通过消费群体的正面反馈作用引导农民生产安全放心食物。而要从根本上解决食物污染问题,全社会需逐步放弃“速成”食物。政府要加强严格的食品安全监督,早日还国民一个放心健康的饮食环境。

蒋高明,中国科学院植物研究所首席研究员、博士生导师,联合国教科文组织人与生物圈中国国家委员会副秘书长、中国环境文化促进会理事。他提出的“城市植被”概念和“以自然力恢复中国退化生态系统”等观点得到社会各界广泛认可。

首页图片由Philippe Semanaz


标识: 健康 食品

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上次 Posts: 6
上次 Last post: 29 Apr 12:21
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前有追兵,后无退路

提高质量意味着提高成本、降低产量,对目前的中国谈何容易?不过毫无疑问,我们的消费观念要往回退一步,对食物要节省不要浪费,把有限的粮食利用好,不要再去追求农贸市场一片繁荣、超市货架琳琅满目的升平景象,不要再去倡导人人喝奶、餐餐吃肉的生活,我们的人口这么多,一定要珍惜有限的资源。

There are pursuers in front, and no way to go back

Talking about quality means talking about capital, and lowered production volumes. Surely, this isn't easy for China at the present time. However, without doubt, our consumers' ideas should take a step back, we should minimise the amount of food we eat, and utilise effectively the limited resources of food available. We mustn't again try to develop our agricultural market. Supermarket shelves are full of a variety of foods, however we mustn't pursue a lifestyle where everyone drinks milk, and has meat for every meal. Our population is so large, we should treasure our limited resources.

我支持你的结果,却厌恶你的逻辑

鸡饲料改变狗的生物习性,居然给危害人类监控化上等号。重金属有可能混入动物饲料,居然用“饲料由重金属混合而成”叙述,将无意的行为偷换概念成有意的行为。硼砂瘦肉精属于违禁的食品添加剂,用违禁的添加剂的事例来反对所有的添加剂,这跟一个人犯了错就屠杀全种族有什么区别?其余种种,限于知识,不予多说了。

Support the conclusion but resent the logic

Chicken feed can change a dog's temperament. However, this is totally incomparable with food regulations impacting on human health.

It is wrong to describe the possibility of trace elements being mixed deliberately into animal feed saying that "feed contains a mix of hormones, trace elements and animal proteins."

The author has generalised exceptional behaviour in a way that is unreasonable.

Borax is a banned food additive, but this does not suggest that all food additives must be banned. It is like advocating killing a whole family because one of its members committed a crime.

更正

忽然发现重金属在这里英文的翻译是trace elements,不知道英文和中文哪个是原版,必定有一个是不正确的。重金属正确的翻译应该是heavy metal,它的定义很多,一般认为是密度较大的一些金属元素,镉,镍,镉,汞,铅等我们所熟知的有毒元素包括其中,金,银,铁等常见低毒元素也包括其中,一概认为重金属有毒也是不对的。痕量元素是从自然界的数量分布来定义的,我们知道,所谓污染,所谓有害,都必须跟污染物的量联系起来看,比如镍镉电池里面的镍,就是植物和微生物的必需元素,但是在植物体内量很少,被认为是一种痕量营养元素,其他的一些常被宣传的痕量元素还有铁,锌,硒等。在宣传使用时,重金属往往指的是有害的那部分重金属(严格应该叫有害重金属,toxic heavy metals),而痕量元素往往指有益的痕量元素。
同上作者

A Correction

I suddenly think there is a mistake in the English translation. "Trace elements" is used for "heavy metals (translated directly)", I don't know which is the original text, but "heavy metal" would be a better translation. Usually this refers to dense metallic elements including toxic elements such as lead, mercury, nickel, or cadmium, and also low toxicity elements such as iron, gold and silver. Simply claiming that heavy elements are toxic is incorrect.

Trace elements volumes are calculated based on natural background volumes. We all know that "pollution", and "harmful" should both be considered together. For example the nickel in nickel cadmium batteries, is a required element in plants and micro-particles, but is only found in very small quantities in plants, and is considered a necessary trace nutritional element. Other well publicised trace elements include iron and so on. Usually when writing, heavy metals (the chinese term), is often used to refer to harmful heavy metals (and should strictly be called toxic heavy metals), whereas trace elements usually refers to elements which have a benefit of some kind.

3个关键问题

1.只靠市场手段是不够的
2.行政手段和体制保障必须跟上
3.要达成1和2,需要草根组织,媒体和更广大的公众参与,中国需要公众食品安全自治组织!

3 Key Questions

1. Relying only on market measures isn't enough
2. Administrative measures and systemic barriers need to keep pace.
3. In order to achieve 1 and 2, grass roots organisations, media, and the general public need to increase participation. China needs public food safety self-discipline!

消费者的选择不容易

因为中国的人口那么多,大规模的农业,使用生长激素或者其他食品添加剂来促进产量,从某种程度上来说对满足国家的需求是很现实的。农民们希望获得最大的效益,那么多的人都需要吃饭,因此食品添加剂的使用满足了这种需求。然而,如果养鸡饲料的使用扩展到 其他动物,比如猪和羊,那么这种污染的扩大和产生突变的可能将会危及到公众。
要求消费者在购买食物的时候认清是否使用激素等情况再作出选择,不是那么容易的。一般来说,如果人们知道什么东西是有益于他们的,他们会买。但是当所有的东西,从水果蔬菜到肉制品,都含有生长激素,而且这些东西的价格是最便宜的,人们还是会买。找到一种降低生产成本的方法最终才能使安全食品的价格降低,而只有当健康产品的价格更低的时候,人们才会购买。

Consumer Choice Not So Easy

Because the population is so large, super-agriculture or the use of growth hormones and other additives for production are on one hand realistic to the needs of the country. The farmers want to make the greatest profit and with such a huge population, people need to eat and therefore additives fullfill a need. However, use of this chicken feed across the board for other animals, like pigs and sheep, increase the contamination and creates mutative qualities that put the public at risk. Claiming that the public can make choices when they buy their food as to which products they support to curb use of hormones etc, isn't that simple. Generally if people know that something is less beneficial for them, they will buy it. When the growth hormones are in everything, however, from frutis and vegetables to meat products, and those options are at the moment the cheapest, they will be bought regardless. Finding a means to lower costs of production will ultimately make safer food cheaper, and only when the healthier product is cheaper will the public buy it.

我的见解

和第二条评论的作者一样,我支持本文的结论,但不喜欢其行文的逻辑。这主要是由于文中有太多大而化之的描述。粮价的上升导致了当前的粮食危机,要进行任何类型的变革都是困难的。少数幸运的有钱人可以购买优质食物,使其免受可能的危害,并且可以抵制非有机食物。不幸的是,世界上的大部分人都无法这么做,因此激素、添加剂、转基因食物和防腐剂帮助养活了数百万的人口。不过其严重的健康风险需要立即采取措施应对。而其未知的长期影响则无法处理,因为它们是未知的。要证明非有机食品的长期影响也将是非常困难的。

Thoughts

Similar to comment 2, I support the conclusion but resent the logic. This is mainly because there is a lot of generalizing in this article. With the current food crisis caused by rising food prices, enacting any type of change will be difficult. Those lucky enough that can afford to buy higher quality food can do so to protect themselves from potential negative side effects and as a protest against non-organic foods. Unfortunately, most of the world can not do so and the hormones, additives, genetically-modified foods, and preservatives have been able to help feed millions of people. The serious health risks nevertheless need to be addressed immediately. The unknown long-term affects can not be addressed because, well, they are still unknown. Proving a cause and effect relationship between the long-term affects and non-organic foods will also be very difficult in the future.


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