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从办公室开始低碳生活

霍伟亚

2009年4月21日

能耗,电子废物,辐射,噪音和废气等问题挑战着我们的办公环境。霍伟亚指出到我们发起这场办公室革命的时候了。

Green_office_thumb

“据估算,2007年我国IT产品的总耗电量在300亿度至500亿度之间,几乎相当于三峡电站一年的发电量。”

中外对话网站发表的文章《低碳生活需要高成本》中,第十条评论说:“公民的个人低碳行为是要付出高成本的”,“但是对于更高的一个层次,公司、社会团体、政府等来说,低碳就是应该考虑,也是必须考虑的一个方面了。”

笔者赞成这位评论者的说法。政府、企业、高校等各种社会组织不同于个人,它们的行为有规模效应,环境影响大但环保成本相对较低。社会组织在环保方面有个人无法比拟的低成本优势。所以让社会组织从自身做起,减少环境影响更为经济可行。

社会组织从自身做起,首先大有可为的就是办公方式的变革。进入信息社会,人类的办公方式经历了从传统低效率的办公方式进入信息化办公的过程,信息技术极大提高了办公效率。纸张使用减少,是该变革的特点,也成为组织标榜环保的举措。今年中国全国政协会议共发放2500台笔记本电脑给政协委员,减少大量纸张的使用,让很多人认为这是环保之举。

无纸化办公确实给环境带来了好处,减少了森林砍伐和纸张制造过程中的各种污染。但变革也带来了新问题。办公室中的大量IT产品,极大地增加了电能的需求,也成了办公室的污染源,还带来了电子垃圾的问题。

在去年4月“信息技术与节能减排”论坛上,中国国家发展与改革委员会国际合作中心主任张小冲称,中国政府每年800亿的能源消耗中,50%来自IT产品。近年IT产品能源消耗以每年8%到10%的速度增长。他说,“据估算,2007年我国IT产品的总耗电量在300亿度至500亿度之间,几乎相当于三峡电站一年的发电量。”

绿色和平网站显示,如今每年世界产生的电子垃圾达到2千万至5千万吨。中国正在进入电子产品报废的高峰期,废弃的电脑、打印机等电子垃圾的数量已不容小觑。据北京晚报报道,2010年北京市将产生15.83万吨电子废弃物。不仅如此,虽然关于控制危险废物越境转移及其处置的《巴塞尔公约》早在1992年生效,但电子垃圾依然大量非法涌进中国,笔者曾到世界著名的电子垃圾拆卸基地——广州贵屿实地考察,它们处理的各种品牌的废弃电脑、打印机等电子垃圾主要来自国外,中国国内产生的电子垃圾往往在产生地周边地区已得到“解决”。他们处理电子垃圾的方式极为落后,提取有用材料和金属过程中带来等重金属污染,对生存环境和人体健康产生了极大威胁

除能耗、电子垃圾等问题,IT产品也产生了大量室内污染,辐射、噪音、废气等,既影响员工健康,也不利于组织提高工作效率。

面临信息化办公的环境挑战,我们需要一场办公变革,新办公方式在维持现有效率或更高效率的同时,需具备低能耗、低污染的特点,即绿色办公。

现在很多IT厂商已将“绿色办公”作为产品推销的噱头之一,反映出IT产品的环保要求已是大势所趋。也有一些社会机构已经拿绿色办公要求自己,尽管绿色办公仅仅是个新兴概念,尚无专业标准。

年初,戴尔(中国)公司宣布,通过改善基础设施、采用高密度设计、虚拟化技术等,帮助北京节能环保中心完成原数据中心的绿色改造,既能减少能源消耗,也降低了数据中心占据的空间。壳牌印制的手册《工作场所的节能挑战》,倡导使用远程会议设施、上下班多乘公共交通或者拼车等方式,减少办公过程产生的温室气体排放。

2008年11月,根与芽环境教育项目北京办公室(以下简称“根与芽”)在北京启动了“绿色办公室评估项目”,在伊尔姆环境资源管理咨询有限公司的指导下,让中国的青年学生用现场观察、调查员工、采访主管等方式,从照明、供热制冷、办公设备、办公室绿化、员工行为等角度对一些公司或机构的办公室进行评估,进而打出分数并给所评机构提交建议,一年后回访,了解改进情况。根与芽在上海的办公室2008年评估了120家公司或机构的办公室,北京办公室启动至今评估了17家。

3月19日,“绿色办公室评估项目”评估了思科系统(中国)网络技术有限公司在北京的办公室,思科员工可以远程办公让绿色办公室评估项目协调员郭婷婷印象深刻。据北京市统计局近日发布的《北京市居民时间利用情况报告》,2008年北京市城镇居民与工作有关的日均交通耗时达70分钟。仅远程办公就让员工既节约了时间,又减少交通的碳排放,还减少了公司的办公各项成本。

当问到,是否有公司将自己的办公设备维护等业务交给专业机构,或者干脆只租用办公设施时,郭婷婷说只有两三家,很多企业还不知道可以这样,仍按传统观念,一个企业自然要有自己的各项办公设备。

其实现在不少企业已经不购买IT产品,仅仅从办公服务机构租用,专业机构负责管理,可以提高产品的利用率,降低IT产品的使用数量,优化机构办公方式。

另外笔者注意到,已经接受评估的北京17家机构有些本身从事环境相关行业,日常办公中已注意绿色办公,而“绿色办公室评估项目”与接受评估的企业之间的有一个很有意思的约定,不对外公布评估的分数。

机构出于社会责任或者降低办公成本的需求,会主动改变自己的办公方式,但在无社会普遍要求情况下,它们选择低调行事。因此,办公方式的变革,仅靠自我意愿无法完成,政府应制定绿色办公专业标准,包括能耗、室内的废气噪音辐射标准、以及废弃电子产品的处理程序。用政策推动机构管理人员的办公理念转变,形成新一轮办公方式变革。最终交由市场完成绿色办公所需要的各种服务。

根与芽说他们时机成熟时会在世界范围推广“绿色办公室评估项目”。环保NGO的创新行动已经给社会一个积极的信号。为了不再让机构“偷偷地”自我变革,政府应该将“绿色办公”政策化,推动新一轮办公方式变革。

你怎么看待低碳办公方式?你认为如何能减少电子设备对能源的消耗?应该怎样应对电子废物,污染和潜在的健康问题?可以真正实现无纸化办公吗?如果可以的话,你会选择在家里办公吗?你所认为的绿色办公标准是怎样的?

把你的想法告诉我们吧!



作者:霍伟亚是"中外对话"北京办公室的运营主管。曾任“绿色大学生论坛”《环境文化通讯》主编。

首页图片由摄 ♥ Jaye




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匿名 | Anonymous

2009年4月21日12:33

21 Apr 2009 12:33

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电脑取代纸——环保之举?  

“今年中国全国政协会议共发放2500台笔记本电脑给政协委员,减少大量纸张的使用,让很多人认为这是环保之举。”

我想这个所谓“环保之举”将会引发很大的争议。办公设备的过度消耗,造成的资源浪费很可能比纸更严重(作者在文中也指出了对废弃电子产品处理的重要性)。更何况,没有任何证据指明,使用笔记本电脑的委员们能熟练运用电子与网络办公技术。会不会到头来,还是将文件用纸墨打出?我们不得而知。

另外,我还对“在家办公也是低碳办公”表示不解和怀疑?不知道有没有人可以给出详细些的解释。谢谢。

我看还是要先搞懂究竟如何定义低碳办公,低碳办公=无纸化办公?什么样的标准才是低碳办公?

Computers replacing paper - a pro-environment move?

"This year Chinese National People’s Political Consultative Conference (NPPCC) handed out 2,500 laptop computers to delegates, saving huge quantities of paper. Many people regarded this as a pro-environment move."

I think this so-called "pro-environment move" is likely to stoke a great deal of controversy. The energy wasted through excessive power consumption by office equipment is very probably much worse than just wasting paper (the author also points out the importance of dealing effectively with electronic waste). What's more, there is no evidence whatsoever that the NPPCC delegates who have been handed laptops have the skills necessary to use them. Are they going to make effective use of them, or are they just going to end up printing the relevant documents out anyway? We have no way of knowing.

I also doubt the premise that "work done at home is low-carbon work." I'd be grateful if someone out there could give me a more detailed explanation of this? I think the precise definition of "low carbon work" needs a bit more research - is the "paperless office" necessarily a low-carbon workplace? What criteria are we using?

 
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匿名 | Anonymous

2009年4月21日16:17

21 Apr 2009 16:17

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低碳是科技和意愿的结合  

科技在改变生活,GOOGLE,DELL,CISCO这样企业正在试图用科技产品改变能源利用方式,但,个人的意愿也很重要,如果实现了绿色办公,没有实现绿色生活,或许,低碳并不能实现。所以,我认为一方面,我们需要科技进步,另一方面,我们需要改变生活方式。yfy

Low-carbon living is a combination of technology and free-will

Technology is changing our lives. Companies like Google, Dell, and Cisco are trying to use scientific products to change the way energy is used. It is also important, however, to take into account personal will. If we only practise "green work" but not "green life", low-carbon living will still not be realized. Therefore, I think on the one hand, we need the technological advancement; on the other, we also need to change our life style. yfy

(translated by xiulu)

 
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匿名 | Anonymous

2009年4月21日20:8

21 Apr 2009 20:08

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鼓励  

企业主动改革自己的办公方式,应该受到社会的鼓励与倡导,这样才会给其它企业动力。

很多企业为了节约成本,办公位十分狭小,工作人员周围都是机器,太痛苦了。

encouragement

Companies which take the initiative to reform their style at work should be encouraged and supported by the society. Thus other companies will be motivated as well. To cut the cost at work, many companies only have pretty tiny work spaces, and it is really painful to work surrounded by machines.

 
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匿名 | Anonymous

2009年4月21日22:22

21 Apr 2009 22:22

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回复评论1  

文章似乎没有把低碳办公与无纸化办公划等号。

在家办公省去了交通这个过程,省时省资源,好处明显。

Reply to comment 1

It seems that we cannot see the relationship between low-carbon working and paperless working. Working at home saves you both time spent on transport and therefore resources, which is obviously beneficial.

Translated by Renate

 
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匿名 | Anonymous

2009年4月22日0:23

22 Apr 2009 00:23

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试试SOHO技术

低碳生活必须覆盖两个方面:“每个家庭里的办公生活”和“每个办公室里的家居生活”。www.sohominium.blogspot.com网站上的文章就中国的情况与环境背景,对这两方面进行了对应的描述与提倡。

:由Renate翻译

Try SOHO Technology 3.0  

Low-carbon living must cover both aspects of "Office-in-Every-Home" and "Home-in-Every-Office" as described and proposed in the document available at www.sohominium.blogspot.com. with expertise / experience relevant to the Chinese context / environments.

 
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匿名 | Anonymous

2009年4月22日2:34

22 Apr 2009 02:34

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对4号的评论  

对SOHO和在办公室办公,我觉得不能单纯做比较,也没有哪个就一定就能节约资源。例如,在家办公,可以省掉交通耗费的资源,但每个人都把家当做办公室,即使把空调开在26度(当然肯定还会有其他的资源消耗),这种多点式的能源消耗也会很大。所以,单纯的比较,是否意义不大。yfy

Comment about the number 4

I don’t think that we can simply compare the work in office and at home, and neither is it definitely better for saving energy. For example, by working from home, you can conserve the energy used for transportation, but if everyone used their house as an office, they would all have to use their air conditioning, even if they only set their air conditioning unit to 26 degrees (of course there will be also be other sources of consumption). So, this kind of energy consumption over multiple locations will also add up. Thus, making a simple comparison doesn't have any meaning. YFy This comment is translated by Tingting Xia

 
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匿名 | Anonymous

2009年4月22日5:55

22 Apr 2009 05:55

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6号有理  

虽然我们常说“环保─从小事做起”,但论及到如低碳办公这样的概念性问题,我认为小打小闹不合时宜。纲领性的标准十分重要。

我相信大部分人是非常乐意在家里办公的。但之所以无法广泛的实现,涉及到工作内容、质量和效率的问题。

如果以牺牲工作效率和质量为代价来减省交通消耗,不仅是企业和个人无法承受的,从长远来说,这也是资源和环境发展不愿意看到的。我坚持认为环保问题不能被单独提出来讨论,抛离了个人生活和社会发展,就失去了我们谈论环保的意义。

--Vegeball

the number 6 is reasonable

Although we often talk about environmental protection as starting from small actions, but when you are talking about a concept such as the low carbon office, small things don’t make such a lot of difference. A general standardisation is important. I believe that most people would like to work at home, but because it is not easy to implement this on a large scale as it would impact on the work content, quality and efficiency. Neither a company nor an individual can bear making a sacrifice in work efficiency and quality for the sake of saving transportation consumption costs, and in the long term, it will not be conducive to the development of the environment or resources. I firmly believe that environmental issues cannot be a singled out and be discussed separately. Outside the context of human living and the social development, the meaning of talking about environmental protection disappears. --Vegeball Translated by Tingting Xia

 
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匿名 | Anonymous

2009年4月22日6:15

22 Apr 2009 06:15

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围城:农村的低碳和城市的高碳  

农民个个盼望高碳生活,城里人个别希望低碳生活。我就想起了甲方乙方那个向往农村生活的仁兄。把他舅家里的鸡吃完了不算,还早就忘记了他当初的远大志向了。

Besieged cities: Low-carbon countryside, high-carbon cities

Every farmer longs for a high-carbon lifestyle, whereas city individuals hope for a low-carbon lifestyle. It makes me think of the character in the film Dream Factory who yearned for a farmer's lifestyle. On top of eating his uncle's family chicken, he quickly forgot his original far-reaching ambition.

Translated by Nathalie Thorne

 
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匿名 | Anonymous

2009年4月22日10:4

22 Apr 2009 10:04

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综合比较  

关于在家办公还是集中在办公室办公,确实如6号所说,不能用单一标准来做比较,到底是何种办公方式更环保低碳,综合的比较标准是必要的。

一个可能结果是,不同行业,环保低碳的办公地点可能不同。

Comprehensive comparison

Concerning whether one should work at home or in the office, the point comment 6 makes is true: it is not possible to use a single standard to make a comparison. To find which work method actually is the most low-carbon and environmentally friendly needs a comprehensive standard for comparison. A possible outcome is that the most environmentally friendly low carbon work place is different for different professions.

Translated by Nathalie Thorne

 
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匿名 | Anonymous

2009年4月22日10:13

22 Apr 2009 10:13

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回复7号  

“我相信大部分人是非常乐意在家里办公的。但之所以无法广泛的实现,涉及到工作内容、质量和效率的问题。“这句话非常有道理,在家办公不能仅仅因为可能省时间和资源能源,就什么行业都可以采用,在家办公应该有一定的应用范围,有兴趣的社会机构完全可以根据不同行业的特点,与办公室办公做一个综合比较,给公众一个选择的标准。

关于环保问题能否单独提出来讨论,7号评论似乎不妥。抛弃一些因素,在简单的条件下讨论概念是有意义的,它可以方便问题的讨论。应用概念时再根据具体的环境做一定的修正,这是研究问题经常用的方法吧

Reply to No. 7

"I think a majority of people would be very happy working from home. But for reasons of work content, quality and efficiency, it's not something that is widely practiced."

This is absolutely spot on. One can't assume that savings on time and energy alone automatically means that working from home is universally applicable across every profession. Working from home has certain limits to its application. It would be easy for an interested social institution to produce a comprehensive comparison between working from home and working in the office based on the requirements each profession. This would provide people with a standard against which to make their choice.

However, I disagree over the issue of whether environment issues can be debated in isolation. Sheeding other factors and discussing a concept in simple terms has its uses - it provides a much more convenient background for debate. You can always clarify the concept later according to its specific context - this is a fairly standard way of researching problems.