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商品过度包装考验的是消费者责任

霍伟亚

Readinen

传统节日已然失去了其文化意义,送礼的风气更成了豪华包装的借口。霍伟亚阐述了这种过度包装给环境带来的沉重负担。

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今年初我参加一个小型中欧民间交流的会议,结束之前欧洲的参会者向主办方赠送礼物——四条巧克力,然后还特意介绍了它们背后关于生态农业、公平贸易的故事,以显示巧克力符合环保、公平贸易的原则。

坐在我旁边的一位朋友开玩笑说,“这些外国人都学‘坏’了,从书本上知道中国是礼仪之邦,到了中国就到处送礼物。”虽然外国人赠送礼物未必是“入乡随俗”,按中国规则办事,但送礼物的学问却十分值得中国人借鉴。

所谓“礼仪之邦”,是文化意义上的“礼仪”,远非“礼品”。但今天,“礼”的概念已经完全“物质化”、“礼品化”。同时,中国的传统节日也沦为“送礼”的由头,失去了它们原本的文化含义。

中秋节是一个最明显的例子。传统里,中国人会在这一天全家团聚,一起吃月饼、赏明月,而如今成了和领导、同事搞好“关系”、老板送给员工福利的由头。

但月饼本身价格并不高,不符合礼品“高档次、高价值”的原则。于是商家迎合送礼者的需求,开发出各种“高附加值”的月饼。原本不包装或只简单用纸包装的月饼被礼品化,包装日益豪华。

中国有个成语叫“买椟还珠”,来源于中国古代的一个故事:一个人要卖出自己的宝珠,故而用红木做了一个相当漂亮的盒子来装它,然而买者付了钱却只要盒子不要宝珠。有人把月饼过度包装称作现代版的“买椟还珠”,因为豪华包装中的月饼并不一定好吃,但那些包装实在漂亮,扔了太可惜。

过度包装进入公众话语正是从月饼开始。近几年的中秋节,过度包装总是一个热点话题,相关政府部门发通知、提出指导意见,到市场中进行督察,每年上演一场这样的“攻势”。媒体、公众也会热烈讨论一番,浪费资源、污染环境、滋长奢侈之风等等过度包装的不足被一一论述,应该说,社会对包装过度的缺点已有足够认知。可惜的是,不出半月,过度包装的话题就会“过时”,不再有人关注。

如今这样的拉锯战还在每年进行,但过度问题已经蔓延到各种商品的包装中。温喆吉所在的北京凯发环保科技咨询中心主要提供食品加工企业和餐饮业的包装物。他提到,“有些客户到我这里翻来翻去,找不着合适的包装材料,我说你要什么样的?要最贵的!他们认为最贵的包装,才能增加商品价值。”

但这些包装产生的废弃物,除了个别有回收价值,大部分会被当作废弃物运到垃圾填埋场埋掉。国际食品包装协会秘书长董金狮说,“现在的包装材质,有金属、玻璃、绸缎等7到8种, 回收利用比较麻烦,因为还做不到把所有材料在同一工艺下处理。”问题是,中国现在还没有专门回收这些包装废弃物。

在一次关于垃圾问题的访谈中,北京市政府参事王维平说,“限制包装可以减少17%左右的生活垃圾。”能够通过限制过度包装减少这么多比重的垃圾,对于急于解决垃圾问题的中国来说,意义重大。

政府也试图通过包装标准和法规来限制过度包装。中国国家质量监督检验检疫总局(简称“国家质检总局”)曾在2005年发布《月饼强制性国家标准》,规范月饼 的过度包装问题;今年9月又发布《月饼销售包装计量检测规则》,试图摆脱之前检测人员主管判断包装过度与否,用数据“说话”。除此之外,国家质检总局今年3月还出台了《限制商品过度包装要求—食品和化妆品》,把治理过度包装的领域延伸到食品和化妆品包装。

涉及面更广的《限制商品过度包装条例》去年9月开过一次立法听证会,国家质检总局法规司法规一处处长李明刚今年7月指出,它目前还处于“调研阶段”。有媒体报道,《包装物回收利用管理办法》去年底会出台,但参与该办法起草的中国包装总公司技术中心高级工程师余渡元说,“现在还在审定过程中”。

李明刚认为,“通过国务院发布条例、各部门发布规章,甚至将来有一天上升到更高的法律层次,解决执法依据问题,给生产者、经营者、消费者提供准绳,这样我们才能够从根本上解决过度包装的问题。”

然而,政府每年发动“攻势”以及发布上述的规范,其对象总是生产者、销售者,希望以此解决过度包装问题,但如此方式却有治标不治本之嫌。

如果过度包装的需求市场依然存在,规范生产者和销售者能在多大程度上奏效呢?关于月饼包装的规范已有两个,全国范围内的监督运动也搞了好几年,在各种过度包装商品中,月饼是最先被关注、被讨论最多的商品,然而它的豪华包装现象依然年年盛行。

实际上,商品过度包装考验的其实是消费者责任。绝大部分消费者购买豪华包装版的月饼并非自己消费,而是作为礼品送人。生产者对产品做豪华包装的目的就是使其成为礼品。不仅仅是月饼,过度包装问题比较严重的酒、茶叶等,都有适于做礼品的特点,从而迎合中国人用礼品加深彼此关系的需求。

商品过度包装不限于礼品,但礼品市场却是过度包装问题的重灾区,它所遵循的原则可以用中国著名导演冯小刚的一句电影台词表达:“不求最好,但求最贵”。如果拥有这种价值观的消费方式或者送礼文化不能改变,对豪华包装商品的需求就不会消失。政府出台的措施充其量只是让聪明的企业变通一下方式而已。

单单是禁止一种行为解决不了问题,必须找到一种替代方式。中国有一句流行的保健品广告词叫“送礼送健康”,意思是要送给对方健康,因为中国人温饱解决之后,对健康的需求越来越大。这句话可以借用到过度包装问题上,只是缺乏健康的不是个人,而是整个社会的消费观念,特别是礼品消费的观念。

文章开头,欧洲参会者特意提到产品的公平贸易、生态农业背景,自然是认为这种方式、观念值得分享。这种产品市场价值肯定比普通产品高,但从环境、弱势群体角度看,它是有益于社会健康的。

中国人现阶段可能做不到这些,不仅缺乏观念,客观条件也难允许,市场中还缺乏这样的产品。但我们可以从不购买豪华包装的商品开始,做负责任的消费者。


文中专家观点主要来自中外对话与搜狐绿色频道主办的绿色选择7月论坛“拒绝为过度包装买单”。

作者:霍伟亚是"中外对话"北京办公室的运营主管,曾任“绿色大学生论坛”《环境文化通讯》主编。


近几年,商品过度包装问题年年都被谈起,但缺乏持续性。政府希望通过完善政策来解决这个问题。您怎么看过度包装问题?应该怎么办?请在论坛上说出您的想法。

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包装就是利润

星巴克平时卖咖啡,中秋卖月饼只是额外的收益。但月饼厂商每年就靠这一个节赚钱。如作者所言,月饼本身价值很低,不在包装上搞花样,他们还做什么生意?所以恐怕要避免过度包装难度很大

Profits come from packaging

Mainly serving coffee, Starbucks only sells
mooncakes around the Mid-Autumn Day for extra income. But those mooncake manufacturers are almost rely on the earnings from this annual festival. As the author said, the
mooncake is cheap by itself, and how could they make money from it if not for the additional value that they get from the packaging? As a result, it will be very hard for them to get rid of the over-packaging.


身份的象征

每次收到那种豪华月饼就很为难,确实不好吃不说,包装也很难处理。大盒子不知道该往哪里放,设计也很难融进一般家庭,但丢了又觉得可惜。我觉得收礼的人并不乐见这样的礼品,但是送礼的人为了体面,似乎是“被迫”如此。作者说的对,是整个社会价值观的扭曲。什么时候中国人觉得包装不是身份的象征,环保意识才代表个人品位,那才有望改变这种浪费现象。

Status Symbol

Every time I receive a luxury mooncake I feel embarrassed, not only it tastes bad but also the packaging is very difficult to dispose of. The big and designed packages can fit into nowhere in the house. But it is such a pity to discard it. I think people who receive such gifts aren’t necessarily always happy to be given this type of present, but the action of people giving gifts is indeed very honourable. However, it seems as though such actions are ‘forced’. The author is of the opinion that the whole society has a distorted perspective of cost. When Chinese people no longer look upon packaging as being some sort of status symbol, while environmental awareness becomes an indication of people’s personal taste, at that point it is hopeful that this type of waste phenomenon will start to change.

This comment was translated by Laura Bewley.


日本包装过剩的情况如何?不是更糟吗?

Tea

what about the packaging issue in Japan? I mean isn't that prob even worse in that country?


包装到该用的地方去

中国有些非常好的电影,它们却在国际舞台上受阻,它们缺的不是内容而是包装。可看看包装精致的某些商品,呵呵!若这心思去专研电影,我们的优秀电影何愁走不出新天地?

Packaging should be used where it is needed

China really has some first-rate movies, which, however, were blocked at the international stages. What these movies lacked is not the contents but packagings. But take a close look at those well-packaged commodities! If this devoted spirit and brain were put in movie making, why do we need to worry about the future of our splendid films?
The comment was translated by Li Huan


回应4号评论

虽然有点偏题,但是还是想回应一下4号评论。中国很多所谓内容好的电影,在国际舞台上获得掌声一片。反而是近年来包装的很精致的一些影片,无论国内外都不受好评。

内容和包装不是互斥的。我认为包装很重要,总不能提着个塑料袋就带到亲朋、领导家去。但是我们应该有这样的意识,认为包装以简洁大方为美,而不是像“中外对话”编辑挑选的图片这般“皇家奢华”。事实上,我觉得这样的包装很俗气,希望中国的年轻人越来越不待见这种设计。

而至于“内容”,如果单纯为了品尝的话,我更倾向大品牌的月饼商(往往是百年的糕点老店)。不仅味道更佳,而且也有安全生产的保证,送礼也同样体面。但想要那些一年赚一次钱的月饼商好好经营品牌,谈何容易?

Response to Comment 4

I still want to respond the comment 4 even though my comment might be a little irrelevant. Many Chinese movies with good content won acclaim on the international stages. On the contrary, some recent delicately packaged films didn't get favourable responses from national or international critics.

Content and packaging are not mutually exclusive. I think the packaging is important, because we couldn't go to our friends and superiors with presents by carrying them in a plastic bag. But we should refine our awareness by defining beautiful packaging as something decent and simple, rather than the royal extravagance shown in the picture picked by the editors of chinadialogue. In my opinion, this packaging is actually in poor taste. I hope that young Chinese people will dislike this kind of design.

But as for the "content", if merely for tasting, I am inclined to those mooncake manufacturers with big brands (usually those century-old cake brands), which not only taste good, but are also have guaranteed safety and are a respectable choice for a gift. But it is easier said than done to tell those manufacturers who make money once a year that they should run their businesses earnestly.


日本

3号评论提的很及时。日本同样也是非常重视包装的国家,程度甚至在中国之上,也常常成为中国设计师模仿的对象。

但日本的设计虽然做工精致,却坚持以简洁为基调。同时多选用环保纸,纺织品等易于回收的材料。而每年的包装设计大赛,环保设计不仅大出风头,还能用到厂商的青睐,真正投入生产。

而反观中国,一是材料本身不环保,二是即便居民有回收意愿,也难以执行。我以为,与其在价值观上批判消费者,寄望短期内改变这种浪费的现状,还不如大力疏通回收渠道。

Japan

Comment 3 was proposed just in time. Japan also attaches great importance to packaging, and its packaging extent even beyond that of China. Their packagings were copied by many Chinese designers. But the concise is the spirit of Japanese design. Meanwhile, they mainly choose reusable paper and textile materials which are easy for recycling. Environmental protection design not only stole the show in annual packaging design contest, but also grasped eyes of manufacturers and were put into real. Look back to China, the first problem is that the materials are not environment-friendly. Secondly, it is hard to carry out the recycling in reality even if residents have their willingnesses. In my opinion, it is more useful to build the channels of recycling rather than criticise consumers in values and pin hope on changing the condition of wasting in a short time. The comment was translated by Li Huan


回应5号评论

写完后也觉得这样说不好。包装好一些的商品如月饼是要大方体面些,而能做到好的包装也多得是一些较大的企业,这些企业商品质量相对有保障。应该大多数人是这样想的吧!所以我也极力支持大家提到的“体面观”需要改变,从年轻一代入手更有现实意义。
我之所以提到电影,也想为一些内容感觉非常好的但几无包装而不为多数人知的电影鸣不平,呵呵,太带有主观色彩了。

Response to Comment 5

I am not sure whether it is right or not to say it like this. Well-packaged commodities like mooncakes should be decent and handsome, and bigger companies are more likely to do this well because they have a higher quality assurance. Most people believe this! So I support the idea that the "decent view" needs to change: starting with the youth, we need to focus on the real meaning and not the outer perceptions.
The reason that I mentioned the film is because I wanted to complain that some movies have excellent contents but little packaging, yet they remain unknown to most people. Hehe, maybe my comment is too subjective.
(The comment was translated by Li Huan)


或许是生产者的责任

生产者也有责任。简单包装,至少还能降低购买价格。

Perhaps it is the manufacturer's responsibility

Manufacturers are also responsible. Simple packaging would at least lower the consumer's purchase price.

(This comment was translated by Lin Hui-Yi)


换个角度解决问题

有市场就会有供应,实在很难避免。何况说月饼本身也是中国文化的一部分。

试图阻止问题的发生自然是应该的,但事已至此,可以考虑其它途径来减轻问题的后果。如果把包装盒回收起来发放给需要的人群,至少能让已经造出的材料物尽其用。

很多和校园联手的NGO都不难做这样的活动,物业小区也可以设置专门的垃圾箱,或者每年定时回收月饼盒,成本一点都不高。

其实有很多企业也很尽责,比如哥伦比亚会提醒消费者买鞋是不带走不需要的鞋盒和衬纸,而捐给残疾福利院的小朋友装他们制作的手工制品以方便运输。

Another way of problem solving

It is inevitable that, there is a supply as long as there is a market. Moreover, there is no exception for mooncake which itself is part of Chinese culture.

Attempting to avoid the problem is the first thing coming into mind. Yet, under such a situation where it has occurred, one can consider other ways to mitigate the consequences of the problem. If those packages are given to those who need after recycled, at least these materials produced have been used at maximum efficiency.

It is not difficult to take such actions for NGOs in partnership with universities. In addition, local communities can design dustbin for such purposes, and these containers can be recycled regularly, which does not cost much.

In fact, many companies are fulfilling their responsibilities. Columbia Sportswear Company, for example, reminds their customers that, any unnecessary shoes boxes and excessive shoes filling paper should not be taken away. Instead, they will be donated to charities to pack the handcrafts made by disabled children.


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