在中国,国家制定法律来保护自然森林。但是,冯永锋发现,木材采伐公司仍然违背法律,为了谋求个人私利破坏原始林。
福建霞 浦县溪南镇傅竹村的人靠海为生,对山本来不感兴趣,但是有一天,村委书记郑廷杞与村主任林开吉,突然发现,山林众多也成为优势,他们在村民不知情、不支持 的情况下,将村里既具有生态公益林功能,又具有水源林功能的一大片长有茂盛的原始次生林,以“荒山”的名义,擅自将林地出租给福建方特公司砍伐后种植速生桉树林。
笔者对这一事件调查后发现,中国的天然林破坏,呈现出新的趋势:过去是因贫困而 破坏环境,过去是农民个体以零散的、渐进的蚕食式适度地破坏天然林以“摆脱贫困”,今天,主要的潮流却是“因富破坏型”,趁着政府招商引资热潮、趁着林业 系统干部谋求个人私利的热潮,商业造林公司加紧圈山,通过各种手段,与林业部门、行政村“两委”紧密“合作”,无视村民权益,大面积破坏天然林。这种行为 很有可能加剧自然灾害的伤害力,引发新的贫困。

Eric Weaver 摄
外来商业大公司“毁林造林”
福建方特公司经理刘启华介绍说,方特公司原本是从事IT业的企业,近年开始转型,进入速生丰产林领域。桉树6年就可砍伐一次,用种植草本作物的思维种植“森林”,效益非常可观。该公司目前在福建业务繁荣,仅霞浦就有好几处大规模“造林点”。桉树主要用来造纸,也是制造中密度纤维板的好材料,福建最近有好几家中纤板的厂家。
自从林业的计算方式由郁闭度0.3改为0.2之后,福建森林覆盖率居全国第一位,达62%,然而,其天然林只占全部森林的10%左右。中国工程院院士、厦门大 学生态所所长林鹏说:“上世纪八十年代的‘三五七消灭荒山行动’之后,福建实际上已经没有了成规模的‘宜林荒山’,所以打着荒山造林的名义进行的砍伐行为 肯定都是假冒的。而且,以福建的水热和土壤条件,只需要严格封山,时间一长,就可育出良好的天然林。福建现在最缺乏的就是天然的阔叶林。我觉得,现在中国 最大的环境问题,是天然林破坏的步伐无法遏止,虽然国家在天然林保护方面的措施是很全面的,但是仍旧挡不住很多人,以‘改造荒山’的名义,以‘绿化海防’ 的名义,毁林造林,破坏天然林,植造人工纯林。如今,桉树林的疯狂扩张,可能是新一轮生态灾难的前兆。”
这几年 福建大力种植桉树和马占相思树,闽西的永安县一度成立了“南方桉树中心”,由于地理条件不适合,盲目扩张导致损失惨重。而闽西和闽南仍旧对种植桉树情有独 衷,继续大力扩张。福建南靖县林业局局长洪声和说:“天然林的生态替换主要有三种方式,一是天然林被替换为经济林,二是天然林被替换为粮食作物、蔬菜作物 区,三是天然林被替换为经济果木区。过去的经济林主要是杉树和松树,现在,主要替换为桉树等速生丰产林。早期是国有林场在林产经营中进行生态替换;1982年‘林 业三定方案’之后,农民对自留山的垦殖,导致生态替换;福建是我国林权改革试点省份,处于林权逐步放开的转型期,不少商业造林公司趁机展开高密度的‘圈山 运动’,引发了新一轮的生态替换狂潮。我发现,速生丰产林在闽南一带很受欢迎,原本种植龙眼、荔枝的地块,种植香蕉的地块,不少都‘退耕还林’,改种桉树 了;而在有些地方,由于商品林地资源不够,就把目标盯上了天然林区域。”
霞 浦县委宣传部长林建人接受记者采访时说:“那块地本来就没有林,这个‘绿化工程’是县里的招商引资项目。方特公司通过了林业系统的招标。一切的手续都是合 法的。福建省林业厅最近也对这个事进行了调查,他们得出结论说是村里有几个年轻人鼓动村民,试图把山上种植的速生林占为己有。”

Chengyin Liu 摄
林业系统支持“毁林造林”
而据笔 者了解,村民对此事件的情绪非常激烈。村民林开锦、吴忠传、林光德、郑开任等共同对记者说:“我们村民不为钱,更不想占有他们的速生桉树林,我们要为生态 和荣誉而战。在我们举报和反映问题的过程中,林业局与方特公司多次想与我们‘和解’,说‘要补偿我们为生态奔走的损失’,我们全都没有答应。”
7月中旬,笔者赴傅竹村调查,看到傅竹村陡峭的后山上,1200多亩的山地全被种上了速生桉树。洪声和说,而按照林业局的相关规定,在坡度25度以下的地方,最多允许连片种植300亩,坡度25度以上的地方,最多只能连片种植75亩。
村民郑 开银、林德敏、郑乃兴说:“这片山上有一些地方原来是至少长了几十年的天然阔叶林,树木粗大,人都合抱不过来,里面幽深阴寒,坡度也很陡,以前我们砍柴都 不敢入内;另一些地方的是美国松,其树龄也有二十年以上了。桉树需要大量肥分,天然林的腐殖土营养比较丰富,我们全村的人都认为,这是他们非要砍掉天然林 以种桉树的重要原因。事实也证明是这样,在原本天然林的地区,桉树的长势就比其他地区好。”
傅竹村靠近海湾,下辖三个自然村,历来依海为生,靠打捞和养殖致富,因此,他们很注意保护森林,对森林的“开发性伤害”很少。村民郑品年、林代云说,“经济价值不高”但生态价值重大的这些山,2004年居然能以每亩8元钱的价格出租给方特公司30年,除了村支书和村主任为了个人私利,“瞒天过海”之外,霞浦县林业局有关干部为了个人私利而参与其间,是一个重要因素。
村民林振溪、李金绍说,砍下来的木材,由村主任林开吉全部收购,卖给浙江一带的木材老板,村民暗中计算过,至少一共装了8大船;卖这些木材的钱,全都由村主任独占;林开吉还被方特公司聘为“管林员”,每月可领不少工资。村支书郑廷杞原来就是村里的“护林员”,可他没有起到保护的作用。
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我也了解到金光集团广西也在造桉树林,还向山坡上散尿素促使桉树生长,极大地污染了环境;还有云南、海南,加上该文提到的福建,看来桉树已经成为亚热带山地的一大害了。同意林鹏先生意见,对于南方山地,最好的恢复森林方法是封育;所谓荒山造林,就是掠夺天然林。这里有一个根本的问题是利益问题,是林业部门和造纸部门之间“狼狈为奸”的权钱交易。一些造纸企业仅砍伐森林一项就赚足了钱了,还等什么桉树生长起来。从生态规律上看,那些桉树死光了是最好的,但是一旦桉树生长起来,想去除都困难。强烈呼吁有关部门将桉树列为有害入侵物种名录。
I've also heard that eucalyptus trees were planted by the Jinguang Group Corporation in Guangxi Province, who even spread urea to accelerate the trees growing, causing environmental pollution in the process. The situation is the same in Yunnan and Hainan as well as in Fujian province, eucalyptus trees have become a disaster for subtropical mountainous areas. I agree that, invoked by Mr. Peng-Sheng Lin, the best way to encourage the rebirth of forests in southern areas is to enclose and preserve. The so-called “cultivate mountains for artificial afforestation” actually means destruction of natural forests. A foundational problem comes from the profit that based on a disgusting exchange between the forestry department and the paper-making industry. Some paper-making companies have made a lot of money only through cutting down trees, and they never care about whether the eucalyptus trees grow. According to environmental regulations, it’s difficult to get rid of the eucalyptus trees when they have grown up. Therefore, I suggest that the government classifies eucalyptus trees as a harmful, invasive species.
我就是冯永锋文章里的傅竹村的村民,我们为了维护当地的生态环境已经经过了一年多的斗争,当地的林业部门甚至对我们当面讲:你们再向哪里反映都是没有用的,我们可以从省到县里把你们的山林鉴定成没有林看你们到哪里去叫冤。
经过走访专家,我们了解到桉树对当地生态的破坏,所以现在我们为了当地的环境,不惜一切一定要还回我们原有的森林。我们力量虽然有限,但我们只要每个人都关注身边的一点点,尽到自已的一点力,维护好身边的环境,那这个力量就很大了。 我叫郑文希,13959373130,希望大家多支持。
I am a resident of Fuzhu village - the village featured in Yongfeng Feng's article. We have already gone through more than a year of struggle to protect our local environment. The local forestry department even told us that it was useless to try to respond, since they could go to the county government and make sure our forest wasn't even registered as 'forest', and so take away our opportunity for redress. After going to a lot of experts and finding that much of our natural forest had been destroyed, we wanted our original forests back. Our strength is limited, but everyone has to focus themselves on the little they can do to protect their local environment, and our strength will be very great. My name is Deng Wenxi (13959373130), I hope everyone will give their support.
对于郑文希的看法我非常感动。 如果我理解得正确的话,当地的林业部门正在助长毁坏森林,而不是保护它们。怎么会这样呢?这些官员的工作不正是保护环境吗?这样做是由于他们的无知还是想靠此赚钱呢?
I waas very moved by Deng Wenxi's comment. If I understand correctly what he is saying, the local forestry department was helping to destroy the forest, not to protect it. How can that be? Is it not the job of these officials to protect the environment? It is ignorance or do they make money out of it?
其实文章写得很清楚,中国几十年来的林业政策一直有个导向,就是把林业当成重要的经济部门,过去甚至有个“狩猎处”。林业系统最重要的部门是“经济林”,他们调查林业资源的目的是为了开发利用,他们肩负着中国以天然林为依托的生物资源的保护使命,但他们几乎完全不清楚中国的生物资源家底,脑中整天想的就是如何为个人价值套现。
县以下的基层林业部门经常保持不了政治贞操,无法完全公共赋予政府之后而移交到他们身上的责任。他们最大的本事就是在收受贿赂之后,按照开发者的意志,把天然林鉴定成“荒山”,然后“植树造林”。封山育林是他们不愿意的,因为每亩只有50元的补助;而“植树造林”却至少可得到200元的补助。同时,林业系统的干部可与村民或者商业造林公司的交易中,获得大量的个人好处。
It is clear from this article that China's forestry bureau has been treated as an important economic department for the past several decades. The most important department within the forestry bureau is “economic forests”, which investigates forests' potential sources for development. It is also responsible for protecting the environment, mainly of natural forests in China. But they have no idea about China’s natural resources. Instead, all they have in mind is to earn as much money as possible for themselves. The local forestry bureau usually cannot insist on policies and carry out their responsibilities. All they do is follow the developers’ will, and after being bribed, identify natural forests as "deserted mountains" suitable for artificial aforestation. "Enclosing and preserving" is not their wish because the subsidy is only 50 yuan for one mu (6.667 acres), but artificial aforestation can earn up to 200 yuan per mu. In the meantime, forestry department officials can profit from the trade between themselves and villagers or commercial forestry companies.
他们都是林业人员和造纸公司合伙搞的,其实林业部门十分腐败,,,希望法律要健全
Forestry personnel and paper-making companies have formed a partnership to carry this out. The forestry department is engaging in corruption, the law should be robust.
对冯永峰的这篇文篇,其文法混乱,习惯于网络常用的复制粘贴,矛盾重重。为此,就本文提出的事实有如下疑问:
一:原文“他们在村民不知情、不支持 的情况下,将村里既具有生态公益林功能,又具有水源林功能的一大片长有茂盛的原始次生林,以“荒山”的名义,擅自将林地出租给福建方特公司砍伐后种植速生桉树林。”驳:文中用了大量的描述性语句,又是生态公益林,又是原始次森林,那么对于一篇新闻报道稿来说,要论证是什么林,事先自己先一种事实作定义,然后在利用你的前提作下文的评论。
二:原文:“中国工程院院士、厦门大 学生态所所长林鹏说:“上世纪八十年代的‘三五七消灭荒山行动’之后,福建实际上已经没有了成规模的‘宜林荒山’,所以打着荒山造林的名义进行的砍伐行为 肯定都是假冒的”,不知道林院士看到这段话会是怎么个想法。专家出来了,那么,冯记者,你倒是给解释一下什么是“宜林荒山”,哪创造出这么个名字,然后说推出打出着荒山造林的名义都是假冒的。前后是一个词吗,“宜林荒山”与“荒山造林”成了一个词了。
This article written by Yongfeng Feng is very confused and full of contradictions, simply done by "copy and paste".
1. as for 'without the knowledge or support of locals, village leaders leased a large tract of ecologically-valuable natural forest to a local company named Fangte, on the understanding that they would be allowed to clear the plot and replant fast–growing, more profitable eucalyptus trees', there are lots of descriptions in it, such as 'ecologically-valuable natural forest' and so on, but he should define them firstly himself and then put them into use for supporting afterwards.
2. as for 'Lin Peng, Head of the Institute, says that “since the drive to make use of uncultivated (un-forested) mountain land in the 1980s Fujian hasn’t actually had much cultivated land. Therefore, claims to be planting forests on uncultivated land [as officials in the Fuzhu Village deal claim] are certainly false”', I don't know what are Lin Peng's thoughts towards this, but according to Feng, there is actually no difference between "cultivated land" and "uncultivated land" in the sentence.
种植桉树要后果自负的。这种树是森林大火之源。干了湿了他们都会着火。
plant eucalypts at your own peril.these trees are the source of massive forest fires.they burn when wet or dry.
何以为生,生为平衡;
育林为钱,图以为恶;
呼及不应,荒野为凶;
法以治人,专制为同.
What is a sound environment?
It should mean ecological balance.
If planting trees is only for financial benefit, that is profoundly evil.
Regulations on the protection of forests are not implemented at all, and more and more uncultivated lands (left by unscrupulous harvesting) are in evidence.
We shall protect our environment by means of law, otherwise the situation will get worse and worse.
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