在美国，由媒体和政府所发起的调查揭露了大型制药公司与小公司间的交易，大公司付钱给小公司，叫他们不要把类似或更便宜的药品投放市场。厄瓜多尔抽油来发展经济，所以它想因不污染环境而索要赔偿，无论是从经济还是环境角度都说的通。

In the US, investigations by the media and the gov't have uncovered deals in which large pharmaceutical companies pay smaller ones NOT to release generic (and cheaper) versions of the drug into the market. Ecuador is pumping the oil to develop its economy, so it makes perfect economic and environmental sense to ask for compensation in return for not adding to the pool of global pollution.

与加大温室气体排放所带来的高昂代价相比，这个提议对其他国家来说没准是个不错的主意。有两种不错的主意可以为此买单：1.通过对产品征收国际税，使“外在性内在化”，旨在使非环保产品更贵，从而使可持续性活动更廉价。2.调整国际GDP计算，排除武器开支，这样可以为可持续投资腾出大量资金。北约一高级研讨会的文件当中对此进行了概述，详情请点击http://www.blindspot.org.uk/papers.html。另一方面，要确保给石油输出国的补偿费都用于了可持续发展上，而不是被贪污了。为此，厄瓜多尔可以进行从上至下的投资监督，并在全国上下就投资问题展开全国大讨论。富裕的阿拉伯石油输出国也可仿效这一体制，将补偿费用用于有利于可持续发展的各项投资上。这有利于改善现有状况，那些石油输出国不会再因油价上涨而购买更多的武器了。

This deal could be a bargain for the rest of the world, when compared to the larger price of damage from adding to already excessive greenhouse gas concentrations.

There are two clever ways to pay for this and similar deals elsewhere. 1: 'internalise externalities' by an international levy on products designed to make wasteful products more expensive and sustainable activities cheaper. 2: Adjust international GDP calculations by excluding weapons spending, which would release massive flows of funds for sustainable investments. Both of these are outlined in a paper for a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, see http://www.blindspot.org.uk/papers.html

The other aspect is to take care that the payments to oil producers are recycled back into sustainable livelihoods and not into corruption. Could combine top-down investor oversight with bottom-up dialogue across Ecuador about how to invest the money in everyone's future.

A similar system could be set up for wealthy Arab oil producers with the payments sustainably invested as needed globally. This would improve the current arrangement where oil prices rise and oil producers buy more military hardware.

James Greyson